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Mergers, Acquisitions & Corporate Restructuring

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  Mergers, Acquisitions & Corporate Restructuring 1. Introduction Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Restructuring are major strategic financial decisions taken by firms to improve growth, profitability, competitiveness, and survival . In today’s global business environment, companies use M&A and restructuring to: Expand market share Achieve economies of scale Enter new markets Overcome financial distress 2. Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) 2.1 Meaning Merger: Two or more companies combine to form a single new entity . Acquisition: One company purchases and controls another company. 📌 Example: If Company A absorbs Company B → Acquisition If Company A + Company B form Company C → Merger 2.2 Types of Mergers Horizontal Merger – Same industry (e.g., two banks) Vertical Merger – Supplier & buyer Conglomerate Merger – Unrelated businesses Market Ext...
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Financial Risk Management

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  1. Introduction to Financial Risk Management Financial Risk Management is the process of identifying, analyzing, and controlling financial risks that can negatively affect an organization’s income, cash flow, assets, or overall financial position. In modern businesses, uncertainty arises due to market fluctuations, credit defaults, liquidity shortages, and operational failures . Financial risk management helps organizations reduce losses and ensure financial stability . Objectives of Financial Risk Management Protect business assets Ensure stable cash flows Reduce uncertainty in earnings Improve decision-making Enhance investor and stakeholder confidence 2. Types of Financial Risks Financial risks are broadly classified into the following types: 2.1 Market Risk Definition Market risk is the risk of financial loss due to changes in market prices , such as: Interest rates Exchange rates Share ...
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Cost–Volume–Profit (CVP) Analysis

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Introduction to Cost–Volume–Profit (CVP) Analysis Definition Cost–Volume–Profit (CVP) Analysis is a managerial accounting technique used to study the relationship between costs , sales volume , and profit . It helps management understand how changes in cost structure, selling price, and output level affect a firm’s profit. In simple words, CVP analysis answers three basic questions: ·         How much should we sell to avoid loss? ·         How much should we sell to earn a target profit? ·         How will profit change if costs, price, or volume change? 2. Objectives of CVP Analysis The main objectives of CVP analysis are: ·         To determine the break-even point (BEP) ·         To calculate profit or loss at different levels of output ·      ...
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