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Illiteracy – Critical Evaluation of Various Education Policies, With importance, measures, examples, and critical analysis

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  1. Introduction to Illiteracy Definition Illiteracy means the inability to read, write, and perform basic numeracy skills required for daily life. Forms of Illiteracy Absolute illiteracy: Cannot read/write at all Functional illiteracy: Can read/write only simple sentences Digital illiteracy: Unable to use modern digital tools 2. Importance of Literacy for National Development Why Literacy Matters? Economic Growth Skilled labour → higher productivity Improved employment opportunities Social Development Reduces poverty Improves health and hygiene awareness Political Stability Informed citizens participate in democratic processes Gender Empowerment Educated women contribute to household and national progress Technological Advancement Education supports innovation in industry, IT, and services 3. Current Status of...
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Unemployment – The Employment Problem: Basic Issues, Causes, Effects & Measures

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  Unemployment is a major economic and social problem faced by developing as well as developed countries. It refers to the situation in which people who are willing and able to work at the prevailing wage rate cannot find jobs. Understanding unemployment requires studying causes , effects , and possible solutions , along with analyzing the current and future labour force trends . 2. Basic Issues Related to Employment Problem 2.1 High Population Growth Rapid population growth increases the labour force faster than the creation of jobs. This mismatch leads to a large unemployed and underemployed population. 2.2 Slow Economic Growth When GDP grows slowly, businesses do not expand, and fewer new jobs are created. 2.3 Structural Imbalances Skills demanded by industry do not match the skills possessed by workers. Example: Technology requires IT skills, but labour force mostly has traditional skills.   2.4...
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Financial Literacy & Basic Financial Concepts for Entrepreneurs

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  🧠 1. What is Financial Literacy? Definition: Financial literacy is the ability to understand, manage, and apply financial knowledge in making sound decisions about earning, saving, investing, and spending money. It helps individuals and businesses manage their money responsibly and plan for the future. Importance for Entrepreneurs: Financial literacy is essential for entrepreneurs in Pakistan because it helps them: • Create realistic budgets for startups • Avoid unnecessary loans or debt traps • Manage business cash flows effectively • Make informed investment decisions • Build long-term financial sustainability • Understand bank dealings, loan terms, and Islamic financing options Example (Pakistan): A small business owner in Rawalpindi uses budgeting to keep track of raw material costs and daily sales, preventing losses and wastage. 💰 2. Basic Concepts of Finance 📌 A. Income Definition: Income is the money you receive from work, business, or investments. Ty...
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